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Laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy surgery have been used successfully in treating severe visual loss from diabetic retinopathy. Despite their effectiveness, however, severe visual loss stil develops. The need of secondary preventive approaches, such as controlling hyperglicemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia prior to the development of severe complications have been advocated.The purpose of his review is to examine recent findings from epidemiological studies and clinical trials regarding the efficacy of treatments for systemic risc factors in reducing of diabetic retinopathy. Keywords : Diabetic retinopathy, laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy